with $$$(0\leq n\leq 2^{31}-1)$$$ caculate: $$$(2^{2^{n}} + 1)$$$ mod k $$$(1\leq k\leq 10^{6})$$$ i'm doing an exercise on mods for large numbers, i don't know if there is a more efficient solution than using binary exponentiation? Hope to help you, thanks (sorry for my bad english!!!!)
Assuming the case when $$$k$$$ is a prime number.
Let, $$${ans = (2^{2^n} + 1)}$$$ mod $$$k$$$
let's modify a little bit
$$${2^{2^n}}$$$ mod $$${k = (ans + k - 1)}$$$ mod $$$k$$$ $$${ = x}$$$
Using Fermat Little Theorem, let $$${p = (2 ^ n)}$$$ mod $$$(k - 1)$$$
so, $$${x = (2 ^ p)}$$$ mod $$$k$$$.
so you may easily calculate $$$p$$$ first then calculate $$$x$$$ then can form the $$$ans$$$ easily :)
thank you!!!, btw how about the case when k is not co-prime with 2 :(
Deleted.
You can use the extension of Fermat's little theorem, the so-called Euler's Theorem. According to the theorem, the following is true.
Therefore the following is also true:
These problems, in CP and MO, are called Power Towers. They usually ask for a very big power modulo a composite number like these.
(btw how do I use antidiagonal dots on LaTeX? this long text looks ugly as heck)
but we just can use fermat's little theorem if and only if (n and m) are co-prime, <=> 2 and k are co-prime, and I really don't know the case when 2 and k aren't co-prime :(, can you explain a little bit?
Oops, I forgot to also explain this, the following is true regardless of whether the two are coprime or not.
UPD: LipArcanjo is correct, the exponent needs to exceed log2(m) for this
Edit: as of chromate00's reply/explanation, I've realized this solution is bad and ugly. One should refer to his messages for a better solution.
If n <= 5, $$$2^n <= 32$$$, so you can compute the result in a long long with no special tricks.
Now, for n >= 6...
Let
exp2
be the exponent of 2 in the prime decomposition of k. Letm
be $$$k / 2^{exp2}$$$.We now have that 2 and m are coprime. Perfect!
Now, we can use chromate00's neat technique as such:
We know that $$$2^{2^{n}-exp2} \equiv 2^{(2^{n}-exp2) \ mod \ \phi(m)} \ (mod \ m)$$$.
$$$(2^{n}-exp2) \ mod \ \phi(m)$$$ can easily be calculated (totient function computation, then binary exponentiation and basic modulo subtraction). Since the result to this mod is <= m, we can use binary exponentiation again to find $$$2^{(2^{n}-exp2) \ mod \ \phi(m)} \ (mod \ m)$$$, which is equal to $$$2^{2^{n}-exp2} \ (mod \ m)$$$.
Let this result be x. We have that $$$2^{2^{n}-exp2} \ \equiv \ x \ (mod \ m)$$$. We can multiply this by $$$2^{exp2}$$$, thus getting: $$$2^{2^{n}} \ \equiv \ x * 2^{exp2} \ (mod \ k)$$$ (remember that
m
is $$$k / 2^{exp2}$$$). Finally, $$$2^{2^{n}}+1 \ \equiv \ x * 2^{exp2}+1 \ (mod \ k)$$$.Do a mod on $$$x * 2^{exp2}+1$$$ and that's your answer!
Let me know if there is anything you don't understand.
The statement:
$$$n^e \ mod \ m = n^{\phi(m) + e \ mod \ \phi(m)} \ mod \ m$$$
is true for all $$$n ,m,$$$ and $$$e \geq log_2(m)$$$.
Source: https://nordic.icpc.io/ncpc2016/ncpc2016slides.pdf Problem E.
So If $$$n$$$ is greater or equal then $$$log_2(k)$$$, you use the equation, if not, you can compute $$$2^n$$$.