#include <bits/stdc++.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back
 
 
void ct(char c) {
    cout << c << '\n';
}
 
void solve() {
    string a,b; cin >> a >> b;
    char ca = a.back();
    char cb = b.back();
    if (ca == cb) {
        if (sz(a) == sz(b)) cout << '=';
        else if (ca == 'S') {
            cout << (sz(a) < sz(b) ? '>' : '<');
        } else {
            cout << (sz(a) < sz(b) ? '<' : '>');
        }
    }else cout << (ca < cb ? '>' : '<');
    cout << '\n';
}
 
int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
 
    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include "bits/stdc++.h"
using namespace std;

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    if(n == 3){
        cout << -1 << endl;
    }
    else{
        for(int i = 3; i <= n; i++) cout << i << ' ';
        cout << 2 << ' ' << 1 << endl;
    }
}

int main(){
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

const int MAXN = 2020;

int n;
int arr[MAXN];

int go(int i, int sum) {
	if (i == n) return 0;
	for (int j = i + 1, cur = 0; j <= n; ++j) {
		cur += arr[j - 1];
		if (cur > sum) return n;
		if (cur == sum) return max(j - i, go(j, sum));
	}
	return n;
}

int solve() {
	int ans = n;
	for (int len = 1, sum = 0; len < n; ++len) {
		sum += arr[len - 1];
		ans = min(ans, go(0, sum));
	}
	return ans;
}

int main() {
	int t; cin >> t;
	while (t--) {
		cin >> n;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
			cin >> arr[i];
		cout << solve() << endl;
	}
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

const int MAXM = 300300;

int n, m;
int arr[MAXM];

int solve(int l, int r) {
	if (r - l == 1) return 0;
	int mid = (l + r) >> 1;
	int mal = *max_element(arr + l, arr + mid);
	int mar = *max_element(arr + mid, arr + r);
	int ans = 0;
	if (mal > mar) {
		++ans;
		for (int i = 0; i < (mid - l); ++i)
			swap(arr[l + i], arr[mid + i]);
	}
	return solve(l, mid) + solve(mid, r) + ans;
}

int solve() {
	int ans = solve(0, m);
	if (is_sorted(arr, arr + m))
		return ans;
	return -1;
}

int main() {
	int t; cin >> t;
	while (t--) {
		cin >> m;
		for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
			cin >> arr[i];
		cout << solve() << endl;
	}
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back



void solve() {
    int n; cin >> n;
    vector<int> a(n+1);
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        cin >> a[i];
    }

    vector<bool> dp(n+1, false);
    dp[0] = true;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        if (i + a[i] <= n && dp[i-1]) dp[i + a[i]] = true;
        if (i - a[i] - 1 >= 0 && dp[i - a[i] - 1]) dp[i] = true;
    }
    cout << (dp[n] ? "YES" : "NO") << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

int n;

vector<int> calc(vector<vector<int>> a) {
    vector<pair<int, int>> l(n), r(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        l[i] = {a[i][0], i};
        r[i] = {a[i][1], i};
    }
    sort(l.begin(), l.end());
    sort(r.begin(), r.end());
    vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> suf(n);
    vector<pair<int, int>> curr;
    for (int i0 = n - 1; i0 >= 0; --i0) {
        int xr = r[i0].first;
        int i = r[i0].second;
        int xl = a[i][0];
        int c = a[i][2];
        if (curr.empty()) {
            curr.emplace_back(xl, c);
        } else if (curr.size() == 1) {
            if (curr[0].second == c) {
                curr[0].first = min(curr[0].first, xl);
            } else {
                curr.emplace_back(xl, c);
            }
        } else {
            if (curr[0].second == c) {
                curr[0].first = min(curr[0].first, xl);
            } else if (curr[1].second == c) {
                curr[1].first = min(curr[1].first, xl);
            } else {
                curr.emplace_back(xl, c);
            }
        }
        sort(curr.begin(), curr.end());
        if (curr.size() == 3) {
            curr.pop_back();
        }
        suf[i0] = curr;
    }
    vector<int> ans(n, 1e9);
    int j = 0;
    for (int i0 = 0; i0 < n; ++i0) {
        int xl = l[i0].first, i = l[i0].second;
        int xr = a[i][1], c = a[i][2];
        while (j < n && r[j].first < xl) {
            j++;
        }
        if (j < n) {
            vector<pair<int, int>> s = suf[j];
            if (s[0].second != c) {
                ans[i] = min(ans[i], max(0, s[0].first - xr));
            } else if (s.size() == 2) {
                ans[i] = min(ans[i], max(0, s[1].first - xr));
            }
        }
    }
    return ans;
}

const int K = 1e9 + 1;

void solve() {
    cin >> n;
    vector<vector<int>> a(n, vector<int>(3)), b(n, vector<int>(3));
    vector<pair<int, int>> l(n), r(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
            cin >> a[i][j];
            if (j == 2) {
                b[i][j] = a[i][j];
            } else {
                b[i][1 - j] = K - a[i][j];
            }
        }
    }
    vector<int> ans1 = calc(a), ans2 = calc(b);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cout << min(ans1[i], ans2[i]) << ' ';
    }
    cout << '\n';
}

int main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
    cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
    int t = 1;
    cin >> t;
    for (int it = 0; it < t; ++it) {
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

from collections import deque
 
 
def solve():
    n, m = map(int, input().split())
    sl = [[] for _ in range(n)]
    for _ in range(m):
        u, v = map(int, input().split())
        u -= 1
        v -= 1
        sl[u] += [v]
        sl[v] += [u]
    f = int(input())
    h = [int(x) - 1 for x in input().split()]
    mask = [0] * n
    k = int(input())
    p = [int(x) - 1 for x in input().split()] + [-1]
    for i in range(k):
        mask[h[p[i]]] += 1 << i
    vars = [set() for _ in range(n)]
    dist = [-1] * n
    dist[0] = 0
    vars[0].add(mask[0])
    q = deque([0])
    while len(q) > 0:
        v = q.popleft()
        for u in sl[v]:
            if dist[u] == -1:
                dist[u] = dist[v] + 1
                q.append(u)
            if dist[u] == dist[v] + 1:
                for msk in vars[v]:
                    vars[u].add(msk | mask[u])
    backpack = [False] * (1 << k)
    backpack[0] = True
    j = 0
    for i in range(f):
        if i == p[j]:
            j += 1
            continue
        nw = backpack.copy()
        for msk in range(1 << k):
            if not backpack[msk]:
                continue
            for var in vars[h[i]]:
                nw[msk | var] = True
        backpack, nw = nw, backpack
    mn = k
    for msk in range(1 << k):
        if not backpack[msk]:
            continue
        ans = 0
        for b in range(k):
            if msk & (1 << b) == 0:
                ans += 1
        mn = min(mn, ans)
    print(mn)
 
 
t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
    solve()

t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
    a, b, c = map(int, input().split())
    d1 = a - 1
    d2 = abs(b - c) + c - 1
    ans = 0
    if d1 <= d2:
        ans += 1
    if d1 >= d2:
        ans += 2
    print(ans)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

char get(int i) {
    return 'a' + i - 1;
}

void solve() {
    int n;
    string s;
    cin >> n >> s;
    int i = n - 1;
    string res;
    while (i >= 0) {
        if (s[i] != '0') {
            res += get(s[i] - '0');
            i--;
        } else {
            res += get(stoi(s.substr(i - 2, 2)));
            i -= 3;
        }
    }
    reverse(res.begin(), res.end());
    cout << res << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t = 1;
    cin >> t;
    for (int it = 0; it < t; ++it) {
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

void solve() {

    string s;
    cin >> s;

    int n = s.size();
    map<char, vector<int>> let_to_ind;

    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        let_to_ind[s[i]].push_back(i);
    }

    int direction = (s[0] < s[n - 1]) ? 1 : -1;
    vector<int> ans;

    for (char c = s[0]; c != s[n - 1] + direction; c += direction) {
        for (auto now : let_to_ind[c]) {
            ans.push_back(now);
        }
    }

    int cost = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i < ans.size(); i++)
        cost += abs(s[ans[i]] - s[ans[i - 1]]);

    cout << cost << " " << ans.size() << '\n';
    for (auto now : ans) {
        cout << now + 1 << " ";
    }
    cout << '\n';
}
int main() {
    int tests;
    cin >> tests;
    forn(tt, tests) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<ll>x(n), y(n);
    vector<pair<ll, int>>dif(n);

    for(auto &i : x) cin >> i;
    for(auto &i: y) cin >> i;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        dif[i].first = y[i] - x[i];
        dif[i].second = i;
    }
    sort(dif.begin(), dif.end());
    reverse(dif.begin(), dif.end());

    int j = n - 1, cnt = 0;

    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        while(j > i && dif[i].first + dif[j].first < 0) j--;
        if(j <= i) break;
        cnt++; j--;
    }
    cout << cnt << endl;
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back

long long ask(int a, int b) {
    cout << "? " << a << ' ' << b << endl;
    long long x; cin >> x;
    return x;
}

long long solve() {
    for (int i = 2; i <= 26; i++) {
        long long x = ask(1, i);
        long long y = ask(i, 1);
        if (x == -1) return i-1;
        if (x != y) return x + y;
    }
    assert(false);
}

int main() {
    long long ans = solve();
    cout << "! " << ans << endl;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define endl '\n'

using namespace std;

typedef pair<int, int> ipair;

const int MAXSZ = 200200;
const int INF = 2e9;

inline int add(int a, int b) {
	return (a + b >= 9 ? a + b - 9 : a + b);
}

inline int sub(int a, int b) {
	return (a < b ? a + 9 - b : a - b);
}

inline int mul(int a, int b) {
	return a * b % 9;
}

int sz, n, m;
string s;
int ps[MAXSZ];
vector<int> D[9];

void build() {
	sz = s.size();
	for (int md = 0; md < 9; ++md)
		D[md].clear();
	for (int i = 0; i < sz; ++i)
		ps[i + 1] = ps[i] + (s[i] - '0');
	for (int i = 0; i + n <= sz; ++i)
		D[(ps[i + n] - ps[i]) % 9].push_back(i);
}

ipair solve(int l, int r, int k) {
	int x = (ps[r] - ps[l]) % 9;
	ipair ans {INF, INF};
	for (int a = 0; a < 9; ++a) {
		int b = sub(k, mul(a, x));
		if (D[a].empty() || D[b].empty()) continue;
		if (a != b)
			ans = min(ans, make_pair(D[a].front(), D[b].front()));
		else if (D[a].size() >= 2)
			ans = min(ans, make_pair(D[a].front(), D[a][1]));
	}
	if (ans == make_pair(INF, INF))
		return {-2, -2};
	return ans;
}

int main() {
	ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(NULL), cout.tie(NULL);
	int t; cin >> t;
	while (t--) {
		cin >> s >> n >> m;
		build();
		for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
			int l, r, k; cin >> l >> r >> k, --l;
			auto [ans1, ans2] = solve(l, r, k);
			cout << ++ans1 << ' ' << ++ans2 << endl;
		}
	}
}

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
const int N=505;
const int Mod=1e9+7;
char s[N],t[N];
int n,m;
int f[N],g[N];
int p[N],tot;
inline void Init(){
	scanf("%s",s+1);
	scanf("%s",t+1);
	n=strlen(s+1);
	m=strlen(t+1);
	tot=0;
	for(int i=1;i+m-1<=n;i++){
		bool flg=1;
		for(int j=1;j<=m;j++)
			if(s[i+j-1]!=t[j]) flg=0;
		if(flg) p[++tot]=i;
	}
	return ;
}
inline int addv(int x,int y){
	int s=x+y;
	if(s>=Mod) s-=Mod;
	return s;
}
inline int subv(int x,int y){
	int s=x-y;
	if(s<0) s+=Mod;
	return s;
}
inline void add(int&x,int y){
	x=addv(x,y);
	return ;
}
inline void sub(int&x,int y){
	x=subv(x,y);
	return ;
}
inline void Solve(){
	memset(f,0x3f,sizeof(f));
	memset(g,0,sizeof(g));
	p[0]=-N;
	f[0]=0;
	g[0]=1;
	p[++tot]=n+m;
	for(int i=0;i<tot;i++){
		int j=i+1;
		while(j<=tot&&p[j]<=p[i]+m-1) j++;
		for(int k=j;p[j]+m-1>=p[k]&&k<=tot;k++){
			if(f[i]+1<f[k]){
				f[k]=f[i]+1;
				g[k]=g[i];
			}
			else if(f[i]+1==f[k]) add(g[k],g[i]);
		}
	}
	printf("%d %d\n",f[tot]-1,g[tot]);
	return ;
}
int T;
int main(){
	for(scanf("%d",&T);T;T--){
		Init();
		Solve();
	}
	return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define pb emplace_back
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define rall(a) a.rbegin(), a.rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const int inf = 1e15;
const int M = 1e9 + 7;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-6;

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    int time, h, m;
    cin >> h >> m;
    time = 60 * h + m;
    int ans = 24 * 60;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        cin >> h >> m;
        int t = 60 * h + m - time;
        if(t < 0) t += 24 * 60;
        ans = min(ans, t);
    }
    cout << ans / 60 << " " << ans % 60;
}

bool multi = true;

signed main() {
    int t = 1;
    if (multi)cin >> t;
    for (; t; --t) {
        solve();
        cout << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        int n;
        cin >> n;
        vector<int> a(n);
        forn(i, n)
            cin >> a[i];
        bool yes = false;
        set<int> c;
        for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (c.count(a[i])) {
                cout << i + 1 << endl;
                yes = true;
                break;
            }
            c.insert(a[i]);
        }
        if (!yes)
            cout << 0 << endl;
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        int s;
        cin >> s;
        string result;
        for (int d = 9; d >= 1; d--)
            if (s >= d) {
                result = char('0' + d) + result;
                s -= d;
            }
        cout << result << endl;
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define len(s) (int)s.size()
#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

using namespace std;
int ans = 0;
bool ok = true;

void Find(int a, int b, string &t, vector<string>&str, vector<pair<int, int>>&match){
    int Max = 0, id = -1, pos = -1;
    for(int i = a; i <= b; i++){
        for(int j = 0; j < len(str); j++){
            string s = str[j];
            if(i + len(s) > len(t) || i + len(s) <= b) continue;
            if(t.substr(i, len(s)) == s) {
                if(i + len(s) > Max){
                    Max = i + len(s);
                    id = j;
                    pos = i;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if(id == -1) {
        ok = false;
        return;
    }
    else{
        match.emplace_back(id, pos);
        ans++;
        if(Max == len(t)) return;
        else Find(max(pos + 1, b +1), Max, t, str, match);
    }
}


void solve(){
    ans = 0;
    ok = true;

    string t;
    cin >> t;
    int n;
    cin >> n;

    vector<string>s(n);
    vector<pair<int, int>>match;

    forn(i, n) {
        cin >> s[i];
    }

    Find(0, 0, t, s, match);
    if(!ok) cout << "-1\n";
    else{
        cout << ans << endl;
        for(auto &p : match) cout << p.first + 1 << ' ' << p.second + 1 << endl;
    }

}

int main(){
    int q;
    cin >> q;
    while(q--){
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <set>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

int next(int x) {
    return x + x % 10;
}

void solve() {
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<int> a(n);
    bool flag = false;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> a[i];
        if (a[i] % 5 == 0) {
            flag = true;
            a[i] = next(a[i]);
        }
    }
    if (flag) {
        cout << (*min_element(a.begin(), a.end()) == *max_element(a.begin(), a.end()) ? "Yes": "No") << '\n';
    } else {
        bool flag2 = false, flag12 = false;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            int x = a[i];
            while (x % 10 != 2) {
                x = next(x);
            }
            if (x % 20 == 2) {
                flag2 = true;
            } else {
                flag12 = true;
            }
        }
        cout << ((flag2 & flag12) ? "No" : "Yes") << '\n';
    }
}

int main() {
    int t = 1;
    cin >> t;
    for (int it = 0; it < t; ++it) {
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        int n;
        cin >> n;
        vector<int> d(3);
        forn(i, 3)
            cin >> d[i];
        int sum = d[0] + d[1] + d[2];
        if (sum % 2 == 0) {
            vector<int> w(3);
            forn(i, 3)
                w[i] = sum / 2 - d[(i + 1) % 3];
            vector<int> sw(w.begin(), w.end());
            sort(sw.begin(), sw.end());
            if (sw[0] >= 0 && sw[1] >= 1) {
                vector<pair<int,int>> edges;
                int num = 3;
                int center;
                if (sw[0] == 0)
                    center = min_element(w.begin(), w.end()) - w.begin();
                else
                    center = num++;
                forn(i, 3) {
                    int before = center;
                    forn(j, w[i] - 1) {
                        edges.push_back({before, num});
                        before = num++;
                    }
                    if (w[i] > 0)
                        edges.push_back({before, i});
                }
                if (num <= n) {
                    while (num < n)
                        edges.push_back({center, num++});
                    cout << "YES" << endl;
                    for (auto& [u, v]: edges)
                        cout << u + 1 << " " << v + 1 << endl;
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }
        cout << "NO" << endl;
    }
}

#pragma GCC optimize("O3","unroll-loops")
#pragma GCC target("avx2")
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;
#define int long long

const int maxn=2e5+5;
vector<int> ch[maxn];
int a[maxn];
int b[maxn];
int ans[maxn];
vector<int> vb;
int curb=0;
int cura=0;

void dfs(int x){
    curb+=b[x];
    cura+=a[x];
    vb.push_back(curb);
    ans[x]=upper_bound(vb.begin(),vb.end(),cura)-vb.begin();
    for(int v:ch[x]){
        dfs(v);
    }
    curb-=b[x];
    cura-=a[x];
    vb.pop_back();
}
int32_t main(){
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);cout.tie(0);
    int t;
    cin>>t;
    while(t--){
        int n;cin>>n;
        for(int i=0;i<n;++i) ch[i].clear();
        for(int i=1;i<n;++i){
            int pr,a1,b1;
            cin>>pr>>a1>>b1;
            --pr;
            ch[pr].push_back(i);
            a[i]=a1;
            b[i]=b1;
        }
        dfs(0);
        for(int i=1;i<n;++i) cout<<ans[i]-1<<' ';
        cout<<'\n';
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back



void solve() {
    int m; cin >> m;
    string t = to_string(m);
    string s = "1";
    for (int i = 1; i < sz(t); i++) {
        s += '0';
    }
    int k = stoi(s);
    cout << m - k << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back



void solve() {
    string s; cin >> s;
    set<char> v;
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < sz(s); i++) {
        v.insert(s[i]);
        if (sz(v) > 3) {
            ans++;
            v.clear();
            v.insert(s[i]);
        }
    }
    if (!v.empty()) ans++;
    cout << ans << endl;
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)


void solve(){
    int n, k;
    cin >> n >> k;
    map<int, pair<int, int>>m;
    forn(i, n){
        int u;
        cin >> u;
        if(!m.count(u)) {
            m[u].first = i;
            m[u].second = i;
        }
        else m[u].second = i;
    }
    forn(i, k){
        int a, b;
        cin >> a >> b;
        if(!m.count(a) or !m.count(b) or m[a].first > m[b].second) {
            cout << "NO\n"; //equals = 0 = wrong
        }
        else cout << "YES\n";
    }
}

int main(){
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        string s;
        cin >> s;
        int p;
        cin >> p;
        string w(s);
        sort(w.rbegin(), w.rend());
        int cost = 0;
        forn(i, s.length())
            cost += s[i] - 'a' + 1;
        map<char,int> del;
        forn(i, w.length())
            if (cost > p) {
                del[w[i]]++;
                cost -= w[i] - 'a' + 1;
            }
        forn(i, s.length()) {
            if (del[s[i]] > 0) {
                del[s[i]]--;
                continue;
            }
            cout << s[i];
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

map<int, vector<int>> m;
vector<bool> used;

int go(int v) {
    used[v] = true;
    for (auto now : m[v]) {
        if (!used[now]) {
            return go(now) + 1;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

void solve() {

    int n, x, y;
    cin >> n;

    m.clear();
    used.clear();
    used.resize(n + 1, false);

    bool fault = false;
    forn(i, n) {
        cin >> x >> y;
        m[x].push_back(y);
        m[y].push_back(x);
        if (x == y || m[x].size() > 2 || m[y].size() > 2) fault = true;
    }

    if (fault) {
        cout << "NO\n";
        return;
    }

    forn(i, n) {
        if (!used[i + 1]) {
            if (go(i + 1) % 2) {
                cout << "NO\n";
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    cout << "YES\n";
}
int main() {
    int tests;
    cin >> tests;
    forn(tt, tests) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back

const int INF = 1e9;

void solve() {
    int n; cin >> n;
    multiset<int> a, b;

    forn(i, n) {
        int x; cin >> x;
        while (x % 2 == 0) {
            x /= 2;
        }
        a.insert(x);
    }

    forn(i, n) {
        int x; cin >> x;
        b.insert(x);
    }
    n = sz(a);

    while (!b.empty()) {
        int x = *b.rbegin();
        // cout << x << endl;
        if (!a.count(x)) {
            if (x == 1) break;
            b.erase(b.find(x));
            b.insert(x / 2);
        } else {
            b.erase(b.find(x));
            a.erase(a.find(x));
        }
    }

    cout << (b.empty() ? "YES" : "NO") << endl;

}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define pb emplace_back
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define rall(a) a.rbegin(), a.rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const int inf = 1e15;
const int M = 1e9 + 7;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-6;

void depth(int v, int p, vector<vector<int>> &sl, vector<int> &d){
    if(p >= 0) d[v] = d[p] + 1;
    for(int u: sl[v]){
        if(u == p) continue;
        depth(u, v, sl, d);
    }
}

int dfs(int v, int p, vector<vector<int>> &sl, vector<bool> &chosen){
    int res = 0;
    bool lower = false;
    for(int u: sl[v]){
        if(u == p) continue;
        res += dfs(u, v, sl, chosen);
        lower = lower || chosen[u];
    }
    chosen[v] = chosen[v] || lower;
    if(chosen[v] && !lower) res = 1;
    return res;
}

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<vector<int>> sl(n);
    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
        int u, v;
        cin >> u >> v;
        sl[--u].push_back(--v);
        sl[v].push_back(u);
    }
    vector<int> d(n);
    depth(0, -1, sl, d);
    int q;
    cin >> q;
    for(; q; --q){
        int k;
        cin >> k;
        vector<bool> chosen(n);
        int mx = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < k; ++i){
            int p;
            cin >> p;
            --p;
            if(d[p] > d[mx]) mx = p;
            chosen[p] = true;
        }
        int leaves = dfs(mx, -1, sl, chosen);
        if(leaves == 1) cout << "YES\n";
        else cout << "NO\n";
    }
}

bool multi = false;

signed main() {
    int t = 1;
    if (multi)cin >> t;
    for (; t; --t) {
        solve();
        //cout << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define pb emplace_back
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define rall(a) a.rbegin(), a.rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const int inf = 1e15;
const int M = 1e9 + 7;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-6;

int n, sz;
vector<vector<int>> sl, up;
vector<int> d;

void precalc(int v, int p){
    d[v] = d[p] + 1;
    up[v][0] = p;
    for(int i = 1; i <= sz; ++i){
        up[v][i] = up[up[v][i - 1]][i - 1];
    }
    for(int u: sl[v]){
        if(u == p) continue;
        precalc(u, v);
    }
}

int lca(int u, int v){
    if(d[u] < d[v]){
        swap(u, v);
    }
    for(int cur = sz; cur >= 0; --cur){
        if (d[u] - (1 << cur) >= d[v]) {
            u = up[u][cur];
        }
    }
    for(int cur = sz; cur >= 0; --cur){
        if (up[u][cur] != up[v][cur]) {
            u = up[u][cur];
            v = up[v][cur];
        }
    }
    return u == v ? u : up[u][0];
}

void solve(){
    cin >> n;
    sz = 0;
    while ((1 << sz) < n) sz++;
    d.assign(n, -1);
    up.assign(n, vector<int>(sz + 1));
    sl.assign(n, vector<int>(0));
    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
        int u, v;
        cin >> u >> v;
        sl[--u].push_back(--v);
        sl[v].push_back(u);
    }
    precalc(0, 0);
    int q;
    cin >> q;
    for(; q; --q){
        int k;
        cin >> k;
        vector<int> p(k);
        for(int &e: p) {
            cin >> e;
            --e;
        }
        sort(all(p), [](int a, int b) {
            return d[a] > d[b];
        });
        vector<bool> used(k);
        for(int i = 0; i < k; ++i){
            if(lca(p[0], p[i]) == p[i]) used[i] = true;
        }
        int f = 0;
        while (f < k && used[f]) f++;
        if(f == k){
            cout << "YES\n";
            continue;
        }
        bool ans = true;
        for(int i = f; i < k; ++i){
            if(lca(p[f], p[i]) == p[i]) used[i] = true;
        }
        for(bool e: used){
            ans &= e;
        }
        ans &= d[lca(p[0], p[f])] <= d[p.back()];
        if(ans) cout << "YES\n";
        else cout << "NO\n";
    }
}

bool multi = false;

signed main() {
    int t = 1;
    if (multi)cin >> t;
    for (; t; --t) {
        solve();
        //cout << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        int a, b, c, x, y;
        cin >> a >> b >> c >> x >> y;
        int ax = min(a, x);
        int by = min(b, y);
        a -= ax;
        x -= ax;
        b -= by;
        y -= by;
        if (c >= x + y)
            cout << "YES" << endl;
        else
            cout << "NO" << endl;
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<int>a(n);
    for(auto &i : a) cin >> i;
    int ans = 0;
    for(int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--){
        while(a[i] >= a[i + 1] && a[i] > 0){
            a[i] /= 2;
            ans++;
        }
        if(a[i] == a[i+1]){
            cout << -1 << '\n';
            return;
        }
    }
    cout << ans << '\n';
}
int main(){
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        string s;
        cin >> s;
        int n = s.length();
        vector<bool> a(n + 1);
        a[0] = true;
        forn(i, n)
            a[i + 1] = a[i] && (s[i] == '1' || s[i] == '?');
        vector<bool> b(n + 1);
        b[0] = true;
        for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--)
            b[n - i] = b[n - i - 1] && (s[i] == '0' || s[i] == '?');
        int result = 0;
        forn(i, n)
            if (a[i] && b[n - i - 1])
                result++;
        cout << result << endl;
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<int>b(n + 1);
    vector<bool>leaf(n + 1, true);
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        cin >> b[i];
        leaf[b[i]] = false;
    }

    if(n == 1){
        cout << "1\n1\n1\n\n";
        return;
    }

    vector<int>paths[n + 1];
    vector<bool>used(n + 1, false);
    int color = 0;

    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        if(!leaf[i]) continue;
        used[i] = true;
        paths[color].emplace_back(i);

        int v = i;
        while (b[v] != v && !used[b[v]]){
            v = b[v];
            used[v] = true;
            paths[color].emplace_back(v);
        }
        color++;
    }

    cout << color << '\n';
    for(auto &path : paths){
        if(path.empty()) continue;
        cout << (int)path.size() << '\n';
        reverse(path.begin(), path.end());
        for(auto &v: path) cout << v << ' ';
        cout << '\n';
    }
    cout << '\n';
}
int main(){
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
#define eb emplace_back

template <class T> bool ckmax(T &a, T b) {return a<b ? a=b, true : false;}


void solve() {
    int n,k; cin >> n >> k;
    string s; cin >> s;

    char mn = 'a';
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) if(s[i] > mn) {
        if (s[i] - 'a' > k) {
            k -= mn - 'a';
            int to = s[i] - k;
            for (char c = s[i]; c > to; c--) {
                for (char &e:s) if (e == c) {
                    e = char(c-1);
                }
            }
            break;
        } else ckmax(mn, s[i]);
    }
    for (char &e:s) if (e <= mn) {
        e = 'a';
    }
    cout << s << endl;
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

//#define int long long
#define ll long long
//#define double long double
#define all(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define rall(a) a.rbegin(), a.rend()

const int MOD = 1e9 + 7;
const int maxN = 5e3 + 1;
const int INF = 2e9;
const int MB = 20;

vector<vector<int>> g;
vector<bool> todo, good;

void dfs(int v, int p = -1) {
    for (int u : g[v]) {
        if (u != p) {
            dfs(u, v);
            if (todo[u]) {
                todo[v] = true;
            }
            if (good[u]) {
                good[v] = true;
            }
        }
    }
}

void solve() {
    int n, k;
    cin >> n >> k;
    g.clear();
    g.resize(n);
    int x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    --x;
    --y;
    todo.resize(n);
    fill(all(todo), false);
    good.resize(n);
    fill(all(good), false);
    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
        int v;
        cin >> v;
        --v;
        todo[v] = true;
    }
    good[y] = true;
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
        int v, u;
        cin >> v >> u;
        --v;
        --u;
        g[v].push_back(u);
        g[u].push_back(v);
    }
    dfs(x);
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        if (i == x) {
            continue;
        }
        if (good[i]) {
            ++ans;
        } else if (todo[i]) {
            ans += 2;
        }
    }
    cout << ans << '\n';
}

signed main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
    cout.tie(0);
    //    srand(time(0));
    int t = 1;
    cin >> t;
    while (t--) solve();
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

//#define int long long
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const ll inf = 1e9 + 7;
const ll M = 998'244'353;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-4;

void solve(int test_case) {
    int n, m;
    cin >> n >> m;
    vector<int> a(n), pancakes(1);
    for(int &e: a) cin >> e;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i){
        for(int j = 0; j < a[i]; ++j){
            pancakes.emplace_back(i);
            int c = pancakes.size();
            pancakes[c - 1] += pancakes[c - 2];
        }
        if(i > 0) a[i] += a[i - 1];
    }
    vector<vector<vector<int>>> dp(n, vector<vector<int>>(m + 1, vector<int>(m + 1, inf)));
    for(int j = 0; j <= m; j++){
        if(a[0] >= j) dp[0][j][j] = a[0] - j;//moved right
        else dp[0][j][j] = pancakes[j];//moved from right
    }
    for(int j = m - 1; j >= 0; --j){
        for(int k = j; k <= m; ++k){
            dp[0][j][k] = min(dp[0][j][k], dp[0][j + 1][k]);
        }
    }
    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
        for(int j = 0; j <= m; ++j){
            for(int k = j; k <= m; ++k){
                int add = 0;
                if(a[i] >= k) add = a[i] - k;//moved to i + 1
                else {
                    int lend = min(j, k - a[i]);
                    add = pancakes[k] - pancakes[k - lend] - i * (lend);//moved from greater i
                }
                dp[i][j][k] = dp[i - 1][j][k - j] + add;
            }
        }

        for(int j = m - 1; j >= 0; --j){
            for(int k = (i + 1) * j; k <= m; ++k){
                dp[i][j][k] = min(dp[i][j][k], dp[i][j + 1][k]);
            }
        }
    }
    cout << dp[n-1][0][m];
}

bool multi = false;

signed main() {
    int t = 1;
    if (multi) {
        cin >> t;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= t; ++i) {
        solve(i);
        cout << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    forn(tt, t) {
        string s, t;
        cin >> s >> t;
        bool yes = false;
        forn(i, s.length())
            if (s[i] == t[0] && i % 2 == 0)
                yes = true;
        cout << (yes ? "YES" : "NO") << endl;
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

//#define int long long
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()

#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
#pragma GCC optimize("no-stack-protector")
#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
#pragma GCC target("sse,sse2,sse3,ssse3,popcnt,abm,mmx,tune=native")
#pragma GCC optimize("fast-math")

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const ll inf = 1e9;
const ll M = 1e9;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-4;

void solve() {
    int l, r, x;
    cin >> l >> r >> x;
    int ans = r / x + r % x;
    int m = r / x * x - 1;
    if(m >= l)ans = max(ans, m / x + m % x);
    cout << ans;
}

bool multi = true;

signed main() {
    //freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
    //freopen("in.txt", "w", stdout);
    int t = 1;
    if (multi) {
        cin >> t;
    }
    for (; t != 0; --t) {
        solve();
        cout << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)

struct point{
    int weight, position, id;
};

void solve(){
    int n, m;
    cin >> n >> m;
    vector<point>points(m);

    forn(i, m) {
        cin >>  points[i].position >> points[i].weight;
        points[i].id = i + 1;
    }

    sort(points.begin(), points.end(), [] (point a, point b){
        return a.weight < b.weight;
    });

    int sum = 0;
    forn(i, m){
        if(i < 2 * n) sum += points[i].weight;
        else points.pop_back();
    }

    sort(points.begin(), points.end(), [] (point a, point b){
        return a.position < b.position;
    });

    cout << sum << endl;
    forn(i, n){
        cout << points[i].id << ' ' << points[2 * n - i - 1].id << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)


void solve() {
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    int a[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> a[i];
    }
    int ans[n];
    for (int i = n; i > 0; --i) {
        int ind = 0;
        for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
            ind = a[j] == i ? j : ind;
        }
        int b[i];
        for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
            b[(i - 1 - ind + j) % i] = a[j];
        }
        for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
            a[j] = b[j];
        }
        ans[i - 1] = i != 1 ? (ind + 1) % i : 0;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cout << ans[i] << ' ';
    }
    cout << '\n';
}
int main() {
    int tests;
    cin >> tests;
    forn(tt, tests) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const ll inf = 1e9;
const ll M = 998'244'353;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-4;

int n, d;

int cnt(vector<int> &schedule){
    int mx = 0, mn = inf;
    for(int i = 1; i < n; ++i){
        mx = max(mx, schedule[i] - schedule[i - 1] - 1);
        mn = min(mn, schedule[i] - schedule[i - 1] - 1);
    }
    return min(mn, max(d - schedule.back() - 1, (mx - 1) / 2));
}

void solve(int test_case) {
    cin >> n >> d;
    vector<int> a(n + 1);
    int mn = d, min_pos = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; ++i){
        cin >> a[i];
        if(a[i] - a[i - 1] - 1 < mn){
            mn = a[i] - a[i - 1] - 1;
            min_pos = i;
        }
    }
    vector<int> schedule;
    for(int i = 0; i <= n; ++i){
        if(i != min_pos){
            schedule.push_back(a[i]);
        }
    }
    int ans = cnt(schedule);
    if(min_pos > 1){
        schedule[min_pos - 1] = a[min_pos];
    }
    ans = max(ans, cnt(schedule));
    cout << ans;
}

bool multi = true;

signed main() {
    //freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
    //freopen("in.txt", "w", stdout);
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    cout.tie(nullptr);
    int t = 1;
    if (multi) {
        cin >> t;
    }
    for (int i = 1; i <= t; ++i) {
        solve(i);
        cout << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

template<class T> bool ckmin(T &a, T b) {return a > b ? a=b, true : false;}

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()

struct option {
    int t, p, id;
    option(int _t,int _p, int _id) : t(_t), p(_p), id(_id) {
    }
};

const int INF = INT_MAX >> 1;

vector<int> get_ans(vector<option> &v) {
    int n = sz(v);
    vector<vector<int>> dp(101, vector<int>(n+1, INF));
    dp[0][0] = 0;
    for (int k = 1; k <= n; k++) {
        auto [t,p,id] = v[k-1];
        dp[0][k] = 0;
        for (int i = 100; i > 0; i--) {
            int prev = max(0,i - p);
            dp[i][k] = dp[i][k-1];
            ckmin(dp[i][k], dp[prev][k-1] + t);
        }
    }
    vector<int> ans;
    int t = dp[100][n];

    if (t == INF) return {-1};
    for (int i = 100, k = n; k >= 1; k--) {
        if (dp[i][k] == dp[i][k-1]) {
            continue;
        }
        ans.emplace_back(v[k-1].id);
        i = max(0, i - v[k-1].p);
    }

    reverse(all(ans));
    ans.emplace_back(t);
    return ans;
}

void solve(bool flag=true) {


    int n,m; cin >> n >> m;
    vector<int> a(n);
    forn(i, n) {
        cin >> a[i];
    }
    for (int i = n-1; i > 0; i--) {
        a[i] -= a[i-1];
    }

    vector<vector<option>> v(n);
    forn(j, m) {
        int e,t,p; cin >> e >> t >> p, e--;
        v[e].emplace_back(t, p, j+1);
    }
    vector<int> ans;
    forn(i, n) {
        vector<int> cur = get_ans(v[i]);
        if (sz(cur) == 1 && cur[0] == -1) {
            cout << "-1\n";
            return;
        }
        int t = cur.back();
        if (t > a[i]) {
            cout << "-1\n";
            return;
        }
        cur.pop_back();
        if (i+1 < n) a[i+1] += a[i] - t;

        ans.insert(ans.end(), all(cur));
    }


    cout << sz(ans) << '\n';
    for (auto e:ans) cout << e << ' ';
    cout << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()
#define eb emplace_back
#define mt make_tuple

const int INF = INT_MAX >> 1;
const int mod = 1e9 + 7;

void csum(int &a,int b) {
    a = (a + b) % mod;
}

int s, t;
vector<int> us;
vector<int> dist;
vector<int> dp[2];
int bfs(vector<vector<int>> &g) {
    queue<tuple<int,int,int>> q;
    q.push(mt(s, 0, 0)); //[v, dist, count]

    int ans = 0, mnd = INF;
    us[s] = 1;
    dp[0][s] = 1;
    dist[s] = 0;
    while(!q.empty()) {
        auto [v,d, x] = q.front(); q.pop();
        // cerr << v << ' ' << d << ' ' << dp[x][v] << endl;
        if (v == t) {
            if (mnd == INF) {
                mnd = d;
            }
            csum(ans, dp[x][v]);
        }
        if (d == mnd + 1) continue;
        for (int to : g[v]) if(d <= dist[to]) {
            dist[to] = min(dist[to], d+1);
            csum(dp[d - dist[to] + 1][to], dp[x][v]);
            // cerr << "TO: " <<  to << ' ' << dist[to] << ' ' << d << endl;
            if(us[to] == 0 || (us[to] == 1 && dist[to] == d)) q.push(mt(to, d+1, us[to]++));
        }
    }
    return ans;
}


void solve() {
    int n,m; cin >> n >> m;
    cin >> s >> t;
    us.resize(n+1);
    dp[0].resize(n+1);
    dp[1].resize(n+1);
    dist.resize(n+1);
    forn(i, n+1) {
        us[i] = dp[0][i] = dp[1][i] = 0;
        dist[i] = INF;
    }

    vector<vector<int>> g(n+1);
    forn(i, m) {
        int a,b; cin >> a >> b;
        g[a].eb(b);
        g[b].eb(a);
    }

    cout << bfs(g) << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)


void solve() {
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    int a[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> a[i];
    }
    int MIN = INT_MAX;
    int MAX = INT_MIN;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        MIN = min(MIN, a[i]);
        MAX = max(MAX, a[i]);
    }
    cout << MAX - MIN << '\n';
}
int main() {
    int tests;
    cin >> tests;
    forn(tt, tests) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

void solveTest() {
    int a, b, c;
    cin >> a >> b >> c;

    int new_a = b - (c - b);
    if(new_a >= a && new_a % a == 0 && new_a != 0) {
        cout << "YES\n";
        return;
    }

    int new_b = a + (c - a)/2;
    if(new_b >= b && (c-a)%2 == 0 && new_b % b == 0 && new_b != 0) {
        cout << "YES\n";
        return;
    }

    int new_c = a + 2*(b - a);
    if(new_c >= c && new_c % c == 0 && new_c != 0) {
        cout << "YES\n";
        return;
    }

    cout << "NO\n";
    return;
}

int main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0); cout.tie(0);
    int tt;
    cin >> tt;
    while(tt--)
        solveTest();
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void solve(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    vector<int>a(n), used(n + 1, false);
    for(auto &i : a) cin >> i;
    sort(a.begin(), a.end(), [] (int a, int b) {
        return a > b;
    });
    bool ok = true;
    for(auto &i : a){
        int x = i;
        while(x > n or used[x])  x /= 2;
        if(x > 0) used[x] = true;
        else ok = false;
    }
    cout << (ok ? "YES" : "NO") << '\n';

}

int main(){
    ios_base :: sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    while(t--){
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <stack>
#include <algorithm>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;
const int MAX_N = 2e5;

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    int t;
    cin >> t;
    for (int _ = 0; _ < t; ++_) {
        int n, k;
        string s;
        cin >> n >> k >> s;
        vector<int> cnt(26);
        for (char c : s) {
            cnt[c - 'a']++;
        }
        int cntPairs = 0, cntOdd = 0;
        for (int c : cnt) {
            cntPairs += c / 2;
            cntOdd += c % 2;
        }
        int ans = 2 * (cntPairs / k);
        cntOdd += 2 * (cntPairs % k);
        if (cntOdd >= k) {
            ans++;
        }
        cout << ans << '\n';
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define forn(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n); i++)
#define sz(v) (int)v.size()

const int N = 1e4;
map<string, bool> have;
map<string, tuple<int,int,int>> pos;

void solve() {
    int n, m; cin >> n >> m;
    vector<bool> dp(m+1, false);
    vector<int> pr(m+1);
    vector<string> cache;
    dp[0] = true;

    forn(i, n) {
        string s; cin >> s;
        forn(j, m) {
            string t;
            t += s[j];
            for(int k = 1; k <= 2; k++) {
                if (k + j >= m) break;
                t += s[j+k];

                if (!have[t]) {
                    have[t] = true;
                    pos[t] = make_tuple(j, j+k, i);
                    cache.push_back(t);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    string s; cin >> s;
    forn(i, m) {
        string t;
        t += s[i];
        for (int k = 1; k <= 2; k++) {
            if (i - k < 0) break;
            t = s[i-k] + t;
            if (have[t] && dp[i-k]) {
                dp[i+1] = true;
                pr[i+1] = i-k;
            }
            if (dp[i+1]) break;
        }
    }
    for (string t : cache) {
        have[t] = false;
    }

    if (!dp[m]) {
        cout << "-1\n";
        return;
    }
    vector<tuple<int,int,int>> ans;

    for (int k = m; k > 0; ) {
        int p = pr[k];
        string t = s.substr(p, k - p);
        ans.emplace_back(pos[t]);
        k = p;
    }

    cout << sz(ans) << '\n';
    reverse(ans.begin(), ans.end());
    for (auto [l,r,i] : ans) cout << l+1 << ' ' << r+1 << ' ' << i+1 << '\n';
}

int main() {
    int t;
    cin >> t;

    forn(tt, t) {
        solve();
    }
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const int inf = 1e10;
const int M = 998244353;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-4;

signed main(){
    int n;
    cin >> n;
    int l = 1, r = n;
    int div = 0;
    while(r - l > 1){
        int mid = (r + l) / 2;
        cout << "+ "<< n - mid << endl;
        int d;
        cin >> d;
        if(d > div)l = mid;
        else r = mid;
        l = (l + n - mid) % n;
        r = (r + n - mid) % n;
        if(r == 0) r = n;
        div = d;
    }
    cout << "! " << div * n + l;
    return 0;
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define int long long
#define mp make_pair
#define x first
#define y second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()

typedef long double ld;
typedef long long ll;

using namespace std;

mt19937 rnd(143);

const int inf = 1e9;
const int M = 998244353;
const ld pi = atan2(0, -1);
const ld eps = 1e-4;

int n, cur;
vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> sl;

void dfs(int v, vector<bool> &used){
    used[v] = true;
    for(auto e: sl[v]){
        int u = e.x, w = e.y;
        if(!used[u] && (cur | w) == cur){
            dfs(u, used);
        }
    }
}

void cnt(int pw){
    if(pw < 0) return;
    int d = (ll) 1 << pw;
    cur -= d;
    vector<bool> used(n);
    dfs(0, used);
    for(bool b: used){
        if(!b) {
            cur += d;
            break;
        }
    }
    cnt(pw - 1);
}

void solve() {
    int m;
    cin >> n >> m;
    sl.assign(n, vector<pair<int, int>>(0));
    for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){
        int u, v, w;
        cin >> u >> v >> w;
        --u, --v;
        sl[u].emplace_back(v, w);
        sl[v].emplace_back(u, w);
    }
    cur = 1;
    int bit = 0;
    for(; cur < inf; bit++){
        cur = 2 * cur + 1;
    }
    cnt(bit);
    cout << cur;
}

bool multi = true;

signed main() {
    int t = 1;
    if (multi) {
        cin >> t;
    }
    for (; t != 0; --t) {
        solve();
        cout << "\n";
    }
    return 0;
}